---
domain: harmonism
tags: [harmonism, political-philosophy, liberalism, conservatism, socialism, communitarianism, libertarianism, traditionalism, marxism, postmodernism, bridge]
content_layer: bridge
doctrinal_status: clear
breadth: full
depth: comprehensive
craft: clean
published: "2026-05-17"
---
# The Landscape of Political Philosophy

*Part of the philosophical architecture of [[Harmonism]]. See also: [[Liberalism and Harmonism]], [[Conservatism and Harmonism]], [[Communism and Harmonism]], [[Architecture of Harmony]], [[Governance]]. Sibling landscape articles: [[The Landscape of the Isms]], [[The Landscape of Integration]], [[The Landscape of Civilizational Theory]].*

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Modern political philosophy is a conversation about how to structure collective life after the cosmos has been declared silent. This is not how it presents itself. It presents itself as a debate among liberals, conservatives, socialists, libertarians, communitarians, traditionalists, Marxists, and postmoderns over the right arrangement of rights, goods, powers, and procedures. But beneath that debate lies a shared assumption, inherited from the same late-medieval and early-modern turn that produced the rest of modernity: that politics cannot draw its authority from any metaphysical source external to human beings themselves. Whatever else divides the modern political families, they agree on this — the cosmos has no voice in the conversation.

Harmonism takes the opposite position. Politics, properly understood, is the ordering of collective life in alignment with [[Glossary of Terms#Logos|Logos]] — the inherent harmonic intelligence of the Cosmos — through the mediation of [[Glossary of Terms#Dharma|Dharma]], which is the form Logos takes in human ethical and political life. This is not a religious claim in the modern sense. It is a metaphysical claim about the source of political authority. It holds that a polity aligned with Dharma flourishes and a polity severed from it, however sophisticated its procedures, decays into the pathologies the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have documented in terrible detail.

The landscape divides into families that trace their lineage from distinct moments of the post-medieval political imagination. Each family sees something real. Each family, having severed from the metaphysical ground, compensates for that severance in a characteristic way — and the characteristic compensations are what make the contemporary political scene what it is: not a debate between complementary wisdoms, but a contest among partial visions whose partiality has been metaphysically determined.

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## The Shared Ground

The modern political imagination, from roughly the sixteenth century onward, consolidated around four interlocking moves.

The **depersonalization of authority**. Sovereignty, which medieval political thought had located in a hierarchy running from God through natural law through anointed ruler to subject, was progressively relocated to impersonal sources: the consent of the governed, the social contract, the general will, the invisible hand, history's dialectic, the democratic majority. The move was not uniform across the families — absolutists tried to hold the line, traditionalists still try — but the center of gravity shifted decisively and has never shifted back.

The **procedural displacement of the good**. Where pre-modern political philosophy had asked *what is the good, and how shall we order our common life toward it?*, modern political philosophy increasingly asked *given that we disagree about the good, what procedures will let us live together?*. The question is not illegitimate. In conditions of deep moral pluralism it may even be unavoidable. But procedural displacement treats the disagreement as the fundamental datum and the question of the good as a private matter, which is precisely what a Dharma-centered politics cannot accept.

The **materialist anthropology**. Modern political theory inherited from the scientific revolution a picture of the human being as a rational self-interested agent, or a desiring body, or a bundle of preferences, or a product of social construction — in every case, a being whose reality is exhausted by material, economic, psychological, or discursive dimensions. This anthropology is the political expression of the four-layer diagnostic articulated in [[The Landscape of Integration]]: severance from Logos → materialism → reductionism → fragmentation. When politics is built on a reduced anthropology, the resulting institutions fit the reduction, not the human being.

The **loss of cosmic reference**. Pre-modern polities, East and West, ordered themselves by reference to a cosmic order they were trying to mirror — the Vedic *rājadharma*, the Chinese *tianming* (Mandate of Heaven), the Greek *politeia* as reflection of cosmic justice, the medieval Christian *corpus mysticum*. Modern political philosophy severed that reference. The polity is to be justified by what human beings, reasoning together, will consent to — not by its alignment with anything beyond human beings. Every subsequent political dispute of the modern era has unfolded inside this severance.

These four moves are the ground under the entire modern political landscape. The families differ in where they stand on the ground. None of them, taken alone, stands outside it. Harmonism proposes that standing outside it is the precondition of any political philosophy adequate to the scale of what human collective life actually is.

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## The Liberal Family

**Liberalism** is the dominant political philosophy of the modern West. Its lineage runs from [Locke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke) through [Kant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant), [J.S. Mill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill), and [Rawls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls), splitting internally into classical (Locke, Smith, Tocqueville), modern (late Mill, Dewey, Keynes, Rawls), and progressive streams. What the three share is a neutral state at the center where a vision of the good should stand, an atomistic anthropology unable to account for constitutive communities and inherited obligations, a rights framework severed from the duties and roots that would give it coherence, and a systematic inability to see what lies beyond its own procedural architecture. Harmonism engages liberalism as the serious achievement it is and articulates, through the [[Architecture of Harmony]], what stands where liberalism's neutrality stands: Dharma — the harmonic ordering principle — at the center of a polity committed not to neutrality about the good but to cultivating human beings into their fullest expression. Full engagement: [[Liberalism and Harmonism]].

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## The Conservative Family

**Conservatism**, from [Edmund Burke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke)'s *Reflections on the Revolution in France* (1790) through [de Maistre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre), [Chesterton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton), [Oakeshott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott), [Scruton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton), and into contemporary post-liberal voices like [Patrick Deneen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Deneen), holds that political wisdom is carried in inherited institutions — family, church, locality, nation, accumulated custom — and that the revolutionary or managerial attempt to redesign social life from first principles destroys what cannot be rebuilt on demand. Harmonism affirms the constitutive anthropology and owes the tradition a debt. The divergence runs on two structural lines: conservatism is by its own self-understanding a *disposition* more than a *doctrine* and cannot articulate *which* traditions are worth conserving — the test of survival is not the test of alignment with Logos; and conservatism in its Anglo-American form has tended to operate as a moderating voice within liberal modernity rather than as a positive alternative to it. Harmonism is not backward-looking — it articulates [[Philosophy/Horizons/The Integral Age|the Integral Age]], a synthesis made possible, for the first time in history, by the simultaneous availability of the [[Philosophy/Convergences/The Five Cartographies of the Soul|Five Cartographies]] on common epistemic ground. The response to modernity is not the restoration of the pre-modern but the articulation of what comes after the modern. Full engagement: [[Conservatism and Harmonism]].

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## The Socialist and Marxist Family

**Socialism**, in its democratic and welfare variants, and **Marxism**, in its revolutionary variants, form a family united by the conviction that capitalism produces structural pathologies — exploitation, alienation, inequality, commodification — that procedural liberalism cannot address because procedural liberalism protects the property relations generating them. The lineage runs from [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx) and [Engels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels) through the Second International, the Bolshevik revolution, the Frankfurt School (Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse), Gramsci, and into contemporary democratic socialism and Western Marxism. Harmonism honors the diagnostic — alienation is real, commodification is real, consciousness is shaped by economic arrangement — and parts company at the metaphysics. Marxism inherits the reductive materialism of the very Enlightenment it critiques, treats history as a secularized eschatology (the classless future replacing the kingdom of God while denying only the religious framework), and has repeatedly produced in practice what its theory failed to predict: mass violence, totalitarian states, and the elimination of the cultural and spiritual institutions that sustain human flourishing. Full engagement: [[Communism and Harmonism]] and [[World/Dialogue/Social Justice|Social Justice]]. The postmodern-critical-theory extension of this family — Foucault, Butler, contemporary identity politics — is mapped below.

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## Libertarianism and Anarchism

**Libertarianism**, in its philosophically serious form — the lineage from [Locke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke) through [Hayek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek), [Nozick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick), and [Rothbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard) — is classical liberalism pressed to its limit. The state is justified only insofar as it protects rights; beyond that, coercion is illegitimate; market exchange is the paradigm of non-coercive cooperation. **Anarchism**, in both its individualist (Stirner, Tucker) and social (Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin) variants, goes further: no state is justified, because no coercive authority over a free agent is justified. Harmonism shares with anarchism the suspicion that centralized authority detached from organic community tends toward pathology, and with libertarianism the recognition that state power unchecked by anything beyond itself threatens the human person. But both families articulate a negative vision — freedom *from* coercion — without a positive account of what freedom is *for*. Harmonism holds that freedom is the condition for the [[Glossary of Terms#Dharma|Dharma]]-aligned life; it is not an end in itself. The libertarian-anarchist tradition is correct that coercive interference with the free cultivation of a human being is a political evil. Harmonism adds that the *absence* of any cultivational order is also a political failure — one the contemporary West has largely come to inhabit, with results documented in [[World/Diagnosis/The Spiritual Crisis|The Spiritual Crisis]] and [[World/Diagnosis/The Hollowing of the West|The Hollowing of the West]]. The economic dimension of this family — free markets as paradigm of cooperation — is engaged in [[Capitalism and Harmonism]].

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## Communitarianism

**Communitarianism**, articulated by [Alasdair MacIntyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre) in *After Virtue* (1981), [Charles Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)) in *Sources of the Self* (1989), [Michael Sandel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel) in *Liberalism and the Limits of Justice* (1982), and [Michael Walzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walzer) in *Spheres of Justice* (1983), is the most philosophically sophisticated critique of procedural liberalism produced within the late-twentieth-century academy. The communitarians argued that liberal political philosophy presupposes an "unencumbered self" whose commitments are chosen rather than inherited, and that this anthropology is empirically false and morally impoverishing. Human beings are constituted by the communities, traditions, and practices they are born into; justice is not reducible to universal procedures but requires a account of the human good; political philosophy needs to recover the *virtue* vocabulary that liberalism systematically excluded.

Harmonism's debt to the communitarians is considerable. MacIntyre's diagnosis in *After Virtue* — that modern moral discourse is the shattered remnant of an Aristotelian virtue tradition, and that its apparent coherence is the accidental residue of that tradition's disintegration — is among the sharpest philosophical readings of modernity available. Taylor's genealogy of the modern identity, with its layered account of how "the self" was constructed through successive re-readings of inwardness, remains the most ambitious historical philosophy of selfhood the late twentieth century produced. Sandel and Walzer's refusal of Rawlsian abstraction made room for a politics grounded in particular communities.

The divergence is that communitarianism, in its actual political prescriptions, has generally functioned as a corrective within liberal democratic politics rather than as its structural alternative. MacIntyre ended in a kind of Benedictine withdrawal from the modern polity; Taylor remained a liberal-communitarian hybrid; Sandel works within American constitutional politics; Walzer defends a social-democratic pluralism. The communitarian insight did not crystallize into a civilizational architecture. Harmonism takes the communitarian anthropology as largely correct — the human being is constituted by tradition, community, and inherited practice — and asks what civilizational structure that anthropology implies. The answer is the [[Architecture of Harmony]]: eleven pillars of collective life with Dharma at the centre, each pillar rooted in the constitutive traditions and practices the communitarians named.

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## Traditionalism and the Fourth Political Theory

**Traditionalism**, in the strict sense, is the political philosophy downstream of [Guénon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Guénon), [Evola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Evola), and [Schuon](https://grokipedia.com/page/Frithjof_Schuon), carried into contemporary geopolitics most visibly by [Alexander Dugin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin)'s *Fourth Political Theory* (2009). Traditionalism holds that modernity is a civilizational pathology descending from the abandonment of the primordial metaphysical tradition; that liberalism, communism, and fascism are variant forms of modernity rather than genuine alternatives to it; and that a genuine alternative requires a return to traditional metaphysical and political forms.

Harmonism's relationship to Traditionalism is the most delicate in the landscape because the surface similarity is greatest and the actual divergence is sharp. Harmonism agrees with Traditionalism on the diagnostic depth — modernity is a civilizational pathology, liberalism/communism/fascism share the common ground of the severance from Logos, and the response must be metaphysical before it is political. [[The Perennial Philosophy Revisited]] articulates the debt.

The divergences are four. First, Harmonism rejects Traditionalism's backward-looking architecture: the conditions for the kind of synthesis the Integral Age makes possible did not exist in any past golden age, because the simultaneous availability of the Five Cartographies on common epistemic ground is a product of modernity's information infrastructure. Second, Harmonism rejects Traditionalism's esoteric elitism: the Wheel of Harmony is structurally democratic; the Dharma is navigable by anyone. Third, Harmonism rejects Dugin's specific geopolitical extension, which weds Traditionalism to a Eurasianist political project with distinctly authoritarian tendencies — Harmonism is a metaphysics and a civilizational architecture, not a geopolitical program, and its political vision is neither Western-liberal nor Eurasian-authoritarian but Dharma-centered in a form that is not yet instantiated at civilizational scale. Fourth, Harmonism rejects the Traditionalist reading of modernity as pure decline; the Integral Age thesis holds that modernity contains, alongside its pathologies, the very infrastructure that makes its transcendence possible.

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## Postmodern Political Theory

The family most dominant in contemporary Western cultural institutions descends from French post-structuralism — [Foucault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault) on power/knowledge, [Derrida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida) on deconstruction, [Lyotard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-François_Lyotard) on the collapse of metanarratives — and extends through identity-centered critical theory (Butler, Crenshaw, Hooks) into the contemporary progressive left. Its characteristic move is to read all social order as the sedimentation of power relations and all claims to truth or value as positional, interested, and contestable. Harmonism acknowledges the partial insight — modern political discourse has often concealed power behind claims of neutrality, and marginalized perspectives have been structurally excluded — while naming the metaphysical commitments as the terminal phase of the severance from Logos: when the cosmos has no voice, when tradition has no wisdom, when the self has no nature, what remains is the pure play of power and identity. The postmodern family is not a fifth alternative alongside the others but the terminal consequence of the modern political trajectory — what politics becomes when all four original moves (depersonalization of authority, procedural displacement of the good, materialist anthropology, loss of cosmic reference) have been pursued to their limit. Full engagement: [[Post-structuralism and Harmonism]]; specific extensions in [[Feminism and Harmonism]] and [[The Sexual Revolution and Harmonism]].

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## The Shared Pathology

Viewed across the full landscape, the modern political families exhibit a common structural feature: each is a partial response to the four-layer diagnostic, and each compensates for the severance from Logos in a characteristic way.

Liberalism compensates with **procedure**: since we cannot agree on the good, we will agree on the rules. Conservatism compensates with **tradition**: since the metaphysical ground is obscured, we will trust what has survived. Socialism compensates with **history**: since cosmic order is silent, the dialectic will speak. Libertarianism compensates with **freedom**: if no good can be agreed upon, at least non-interference can be defended. Communitarianism compensates with **community**: the self cannot be atomized if it is constitutively relational. Traditionalism compensates with **return**: the pathology is modernity, the cure is pre-modernity. Postmodernism compensates with **suspicion**: since no account of the good can be trusted, all can be unmasked.

Each compensation is an intelligent response to a real problem. But no compensation can substitute for what was lost. Procedure cannot replace the good; tradition cannot replace metaphysics; history cannot replace Logos; freedom cannot replace Dharma; community cannot replace cosmic order; return cannot replace synthesis; suspicion cannot replace truth. The modern political families are all, in this sense, attempting to walk on one leg while denying that the other leg ever existed.

Harmonism proposes that the other leg does exist, that it was never successfully refuted, and that political philosophy adequate to the human being must walk on both.

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## Where Harmonism Stands

Harmonism's political position is not a synthesis of the modern families; it is a recovery of the metaphysical ground they all severed themselves from, applied to the contemporary situation. The position has four anchors.

**Dharma at the center.** A Dharma-centered polity is not neutral about the good, not procedural in its ultimate logic, and not reducible to the liberal-conservative-progressive-libertarian axis. It holds that there is a cosmic ordering principle — Logos, known in human collective life as Dharma — and that the proper function of political structure is to cultivate alignment with it. The full articulation lives in [[Architecture of Harmony]] and in [[Governance]].

**The eleven pillars of civilizational structure.** The [[Architecture of Harmony]] articulates an 11+1 civilizational architecture — Dharma at the centre, surrounded by eleven pillars in ground-up order: Ecology, Health, Kinship, Stewardship, Finance, Governance, Defense, Education, Science & Technology, Communication, Culture. This is the civilizational counterpart to the [[Wheel of Harmony]] at the individual scale, but it is not a fractal of the Wheel — civilizations require institutional dimensions (Finance, Defense, Communication) that have no individual-scale analogue. It is not a policy platform, not a program of immediate reforms, not a geopolitical alignment. It is a structural articulation of what a civilization ordered by Dharma looks like, against which existing polities can be measured and toward which genuine reform can be oriented.

**The Harmonic Civilization as telos.** The positive vision toward which Harmonism's political philosophy is oriented is named [[The Harmonic Civilization]] — not a utopia (which would imply a finished state and encode unrealizability) but a spiral of deepening alignment, whose direction is clear even as its specific form remains to be articulated through embodied practice at every scale from the family to the polity. The rejection of "utopia" as a term is deliberate: utopia is a modern projection tradition; the Harmonic Civilization is a recovery tradition.

**Structural democracy, not populism.** A Dharma-centered polity is not necessarily democratic in the procedural-liberal sense, but it is structurally democratic in the sense articulated in [[The Perennial Philosophy Revisited]]: the Dharma is navigable by anyone, no initiatic elite gatekeeps the path, and the architecture is designed for accessibility across the full range of human beings. This distinguishes Harmonism from traditionalist authoritarianism and from technocratic managerialism alike.

The four anchors together constitute a position that is not on the modern political spectrum at all. It is a post-modern position in the strict sense — a position that becomes possible after modernity has run its course and its partial visions have exhausted themselves — but it is not the postmodern position, which is modernity's terminal phase. Harmonism stands *after* the modern political families rather than *alongside* them. The Integral Age thesis holds that this position is becoming historically possible for the first time, as the conditions of simultaneous access to the Five Cartographies, global information infrastructure, and civilizational-scale pattern recognition emerge together.

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## What This Means for the Reader

Someone trying to locate Harmonism on the conventional political map will fail, because Harmonism is not on that map. The map runs from left to right across the axis of economic distribution and individual-versus-collective; it orients itself around the Enlightenment heritage; it treats its own severance from metaphysics as the condition of political seriousness. Harmonism refuses the axis, rejects the severance, and proposes a different cartography.

This does not mean Harmonism has no position on specific policy questions. It means that its positions descend from a different architecture than the one the modern political families share. A Dharma-centered perspective will affirm what the constitutive-community tradition gets right, what the virtue-ethics tradition preserves, what the ecological tradition perceives, what the free-market tradition understands about decentralized information and human initiative, and what the social-democratic tradition sees about mutual obligation — not as a synthetic compromise but as reclaimed fragments of a fuller vision none of the families alone can hold.

The landscape of political philosophy is real, serious, and ongoing. Harmonism stands outside it as a contribution — a recovery of the ground the modern families severed themselves from, articulated in a form that is neither a return to the pre-modern nor a continuation of the modern, but an opening onto the Harmonic Age that modernity's own infrastructure has made possible.

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*See also — dedicated treatments: [[Liberalism and Harmonism]], [[Conservatism and Harmonism]], [[Communism and Harmonism]], [[Capitalism and Harmonism]], [[Democracy and Harmonism]], [[Post-structuralism and Harmonism]], [[Feminism and Harmonism]], [[The Sexual Revolution and Harmonism]], [[Nationalism and Harmonism]], [[Existentialism and Harmonism]], [[Materialism and Harmonism]], [[Transhumanism and Harmonism]], [[World/Dialogue/Social Justice|Social Justice]]. Structural context: [[Architecture of Harmony]], [[Governance]], [[The Harmonic Civilization]], [[Philosophy/Horizons/The Integral Age|The Integral Age]], [[The Perennial Philosophy Revisited]], [[World/Diagnosis/The Spiritual Crisis|The Spiritual Crisis]]. Sibling landscape articles: [[The Landscape of the Isms]], [[The Landscape of Integration]], [[The Landscape of Civilizational Theory]].*
