---
domain: health
tags: [harmonism, world, diagnosis, sovereignty, circumcision, bodily-sovereignty, health, ahimsa, article]
content_layer: bridge
doctrinal_status: clear
breadth: partial
depth: introductory
craft: clean
published: "2026-05-17"
---
# Circumcision: The Cut Without Consent

Every culture that circumcises has a reason. Not one of those reasons is the child's.

Circumcision survives not because of evidence but because of need — the need of parents to transmit identity, the need of institutions to maintain authority, the need of cultures to mark belonging on the body before the individual can object. The surgery happens because adults require it to happen. The child, who bears its consequences for life, has no voice in the matter. That asymmetry is the wound beneath the wound.

[[Harmonism]] holds bodily sovereignty — the principle that each person's body belongs to that person alone, to tend or alter as their own Dharma dictates — as an expression of the same [[Glossary of Terms#Logos|Logos]] that governs every dimension of a well-ordered life. Ahimsa — non-harm as a first ethical principle, recognized by every serious tradition that has examined the grounds of right action — requires that irreversible alterations to another person's body be grounded in that person's own informed will. Infant circumcision, by definition, cannot satisfy this requirement. The infant cannot consent. The surgery cannot wait. The consequence cannot be undone.

Not a cultural attack, not a religious prosecution, not a political provocation — but the straightforward application of sovereign ethics to the most intimate domain of a human body, at the moment when that person is least capable of protecting it.

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## The Organ

The medical debate proceeds on an implicit assumption: that the foreskin is vestigial tissue, an evolutionary redundancy the body will not miss. The assumption is anatomically false. The correction requires precision, because the argument that the foreskin is the body's most sensitive tissue is also false, and the case for intactness does not depend on it.

The foreskin's outer layer is elastic, relatively insensitive tissue — more comparable to the skin of the elbow than to a fingertip. It is not densely innervated, which is why many infants show minimal reaction to a well-performed circumcision, and those who do cry often settle quickly. The physical sensation of the surgical incision, with competent technique, can be mild. Anyone who has watched the procedure knows that the infant's response is highly variable — and that the responses observed are often more consistent with the stress of restraint and unfamiliar handling than with the specific incision.

What the foreskin *does* — and this is its genuine value — is protect. The glans, covered by the foreskin throughout life in the intact male, remains mucosal tissue: soft, moist, and highly sensitive. The inner margin of the foreskin, where it meets the glans, and the frenulum — a small concentrated band of more sensitive tissue connecting foreskin to underside of the glans — are more innervated than the outer layer, and are removed or damaged by circumcision. But the primary loss is not from the foreskin itself. It is from what happens to the glans afterward. Permanently exposed and subject to chronic friction against clothing, the glans undergoes progressive keratinization — an epithelial hardening the body uses to protect exposed skin. The sensitivity loss this produces compounds over decades. What a circumcised man experiences at twenty is not what he will have at fifty. The foreskin is not sensitive tissue. It is the structure that preserved the sensitive tissue beneath it.

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## The Medical Argument

The case for circumcision as a public health intervention rests on four principal claims: reduced HIV transmission, reduced urinary tract infections in male infants, reduced sexually transmitted infections broadly, and prevention of penile cancer. Each requires examination on its own terms — not dismissal, but precision.

**HIV reduction.** The most frequently invoked evidence is a set of three randomized controlled trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-2000s — Orange Farm in South Africa, Rakai in Uganda, Kisumu in Kenya — sponsored in part by the Gates Foundation and adopted by the WHO as the basis for circumcision recommendations in HIV-endemic regions. The trials reported that adult voluntary male circumcision reduced female-to-male HIV transmission by approximately 60% in relative terms.

The methodological difficulties compound immediately. These trials enrolled adult men — not infants — who consented to circumcision in the context of active AIDS epidemics, with HIV prevalence reaching 15–30% in some cohorts, transmitted primarily through heterosexual intercourse in populations with limited access to condoms, testing, and healthcare. The extrapolation from this context to routine infant circumcision in low-prevalence Western countries is not a scientific inference. It is a policy decision dressed in scientific language.

HIV transmission in Western populations is governed primarily by MSM dynamics, injection drug use, and access variables that the sub-Saharan heterosexual epidemic data do not address. The absolute risk reduction in the African trials was 1–2%; the relative risk reduction of 60% is a mathematical property of dividing a small number by a smaller one. More fundamentally, the trials were stopped early — a method that reliably inflates apparent effect size. The arms received differential attention: men in the circumcision group received more counseling, more condom education, and more frequent healthcare contact than controls. They also knew they had undergone a procedure believed to reduce risk, which shapes behavior in a context where behavioral change is the primary transmission variable. The Hawthorne effect, in this context, is not a minor confounder. It is the operative variable the study design cannot isolate. Correlation between circumcision and reduced transmission in these studies is real; that adult voluntary circumcision in high-prevalence sub-Saharan heterosexual epidemics *causes* the reduction, independently of the differential behavioral and healthcare factors, is not established. That this unestablished causal chain justifies irreversible surgery on infants in Oslo, Toronto, or Los Angeles is a category error that has never been adequately defended.

**Urinary tract infections.** Studies suggest circumcised male infants have a lower incidence of UTIs in the first year of life — a reduction from approximately 1% to 0.2%. UTIs are treatable infections, routinely resolved with a short antibiotic course, leaving no long-term sequelae in the vast majority of cases. The justification for preventing a 0.8% absolute-risk event through irreversible surgery requires a risk-benefit calculation that no serious ethicist has succeeded in closing in circumcision's favor — not least because the surgery itself carries complication rates in the same order of magnitude as the infections it purports to prevent.

**STIs broadly.** The literature on circumcision and sexually transmitted infections other than HIV is a landscape of ecological correlations and inadequately controlled observational studies. The variables that co-occur with circumcision status in Western populations — socioeconomic position, religious observance, healthcare access, hygiene practice, cultural attitudes toward sexual health — are not the foreskin. Identifying which variable is operative requires study designs that most published papers do not employ. That the correlations exist is not contested. That the foreskin is the causal mechanism rather than a proxy for a cluster of cultural and behavioral variables is not demonstrated.

**Penile cancer.** Penile cancer is one of the rarest malignancies in the industrialized world — approximately 1 in 100,000 men per year, concentrated among men over 65 with histories of HPV infection and chronic inflammatory conditions for which there are now better-targeted interventions. The absolute reduction in penile cancer risk attributable to circumcision, across a population, is negligible as a public health consideration.

The institutional architecture behind these claims is worth examining in its own right. The WHO and UNAIDS recommendations are policy documents — they distill politically negotiated consensus from bodies whose funding relationships include pharmaceutical interests and aligned foundations. When an institution's recommendations are driven by the need to demonstrate intervention efficacy in high-burden epidemic contexts, and those recommendations are subsequently generalized as if epidemic context is irrelevant, the scientific register is being used to perform work that the evidence does not authorize. The diagnostic question is not only *what does the literature say* but *what institutional forces shaped which questions were funded, which studies were elevated to policy, and which findings were suppressed or ignored.* This is the same structural analysis Harmonism applies in [[Big Pharma]] and [[Vaccination]]. The literature on circumcision is not straightforwardly corrupt — but neither is it neutral. It is shaped, as all institutional science is, by the interests that funded and framed it.

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## The Psychological Wound

The physical procedure, performed with competence and appropriate topical anesthesia, can be tolerable — even nearly painless in many cases. The variable infant response confirms this: some barely react; others cry briefly and settle. The honest account of circumcision cannot overstate the physical ordeal, because doing so both misrepresents the evidence and makes the deeper objection easier to dismiss. The case against circumcision does not require the procedure to be a surgical horror. It requires only that it be irreversible, performed without consent, and unnecessary.

Where the psychological dimension becomes credible is not in the incision itself but in the context surrounding it. The infant is restrained. Handling is unfamiliar. The caregiver's proximity and warmth — the primary regulatory input available to a neonatal nervous system — is disrupted at the precise moment of a novel stressor. Cortisol measurements in circumcised neonates show a stress-response activation that is consistent with fear and restraint rather than specifically with surgical pain. Attachment researchers have observed disruption in maternal bonding in the immediate post-circumcision period, attributed to the infant's shift into a defensive withdrawal state — the mother reaches for connection; the infant is no longer in a state to receive it. This window is not neutral. The first hours and days of extra-uterine life are the period in which the architecture of trust and safety is being laid. Whether a single procedural disruption leaves a permanent trace is not established. That it leaves no trace is not established either.

Adult men who discover, often in adulthood, the full anatomy and function of the tissue they were missing sometimes report grief, rage, and a sense of violation — a retroactive recognition with no episodic memory, but a body that carries its own evidence. The psychological literature on this is thin, partly because the cultural consensus that circumcision is normal actively suppresses the category of harm from which such research would need to emerge. A person cannot grieve what they have been told requires no grieving.

What is not contested is the permanence. The tissue cannot be regenerated. Whatever the infant would have been as an intact adult is foreclosed without their knowledge or consent. This is not a symbolic harm. It is an irreversible alteration performed for reasons that serve the adults in the room, not the person whose body receives it.

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## Three Cultures, One Practice, Zero Consent

Circumcision persists across three distinct cultural contexts that share almost nothing else: Jewish religious tradition, Muslim religious tradition, and the American secular-medical system. Understanding why it persists in each requires distinguishing the surface justifications from the structural need each context is actually serving.

In Jewish tradition, circumcision as covenant — the *brit milah* — is among the most freighted rituals in the Torah: the mark of Abrahamic belonging, the sign of continuity with a people whose survival has depended on the non-negotiability of its practices. The weight this ritual carries is real, not manufactured. Jewish identity has survived precisely because certain practices were not optional — because the covenant was a necessity, not a preference. Questioning circumcision from outside this tradition requires acknowledging that weight honestly rather than dismissing it. The Harmonist critique is not that Jewish parents do not love their sons. It is that love for a child and sovereign respect for a child's body are not the same thing, and that a tradition capable of extraordinary philosophical and ethical depth — capable of sustaining centuries of Talmudic inquiry into the most difficult moral questions — is capable of the conversation about where covenant ends and the person begins.

In Muslim tradition, circumcision — *khitan* — is understood as purification, classified as *sunnah* in the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools and *mandub* (recommended) in the Maliki and Hanafi, linked to notions of cleanliness and the Prophetic example. The medical justifications entered Islamic discourse later, recruited to reinforce a practice already grounded in religious identity. The Harmonist engagement here is the same: not dismissal of the tradition's seriousness, but the observation that purification — *tahara* — as a lived spiritual reality operates at the level of intention, inner cultivation, and right relationship with the source. The question the tradition is capable of asking, if it chooses to ask it, is whether the cut on the body carries that reality — or whether the reality is the faithfulness, the consciousness, the alignment that the tradition calls toward. If the latter, the mark can wait for the person who will carry it.

The American secular case is the most revealing because it carries no religious scaffolding whatsoever. Routine infant circumcision became widespread in the United States in the late nineteenth century — promoted first as a deterrent to masturbation by the same institutional figures who promoted corn flakes, then reframed successively as hygiene management, disease prevention, and cultural conformity. Circumcision rates peaked at roughly 80% in the mid-twentieth century and have since declined to approximately 60% nationally — still a majority, in a country with no religious mandate for the practice and a professional body, the American Academy of Pediatrics, that has repeatedly declined to recommend it as routine. What sustains this rate is not evidence. It is conformity: fathers want their sons to resemble them, parents dread the social difference, physicians trained in circumcised environments perpetuate it as default. The American secular case demonstrates that circumcision does not require religious justification to persist. Cultural inertia and sunk-cost logic are sufficient. When the only remaining argument is *this is what we have always done*, the practice has already conceded the ethical ground.

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## The Sovereignty Frame

Harmonism does not name circumcision as evil. It names it as a violation of a principle — bodily sovereignty — that admits no exception clause for religious tradition, cultural practice, or medical argument that cannot survive scrutiny of its evidence base.

The principle is simple enough to state in one sentence: a person's body belongs to that person, and irreversible alterations require that person's consent. The infant cannot consent. Therefore, the surgery waits — until the person can decide for themselves whether the covenant they wish to enter, the identity they wish to carry, the practice they wish to embody warrants the mark. An adult who chooses *brit milah* or *khitan* in full knowledge of what the surgery entails and why exercises sovereignty over their own body — and the choice is theirs to make. Harmonism does not endorse the practice; it affirms the sovereignty that makes any such informed adult choice legitimate. The person who declines, in any cultural context, exercises that same sovereignty over the body they inhabit for the duration of their life.

The tradition loses nothing essential by waiting. The child gains everything — including the possibility of entering the covenant as a whole person who chose it, rather than as an infant who had it enacted upon them.

What the current practice actually protects is not the child's health, and not the integrity of any covenant. It is the comfort of the adults: the parents who cannot conceive of departing from what was done to them, the communities whose identity is inscribed on a body before that body can speak, the physicians who have never been asked to justify the default they were trained to perform. That discomfort is a small price to pay for withdrawing an irreversible act from someone who cannot refuse it. The child who was not cut can later choose to be. The child who was cut cannot choose otherwise.

Every tradition capable of depth can locate within itself the resources to distinguish between a practice and the principle it serves. The question to put to Jewish tradition, to Islamic tradition, to the American medical establishment, is the same: does the mark on the body carry the reality — or does the reality live in the person's conscious relationship to whatever the tradition points toward? If the former, the tradition has reduced itself to a surgery. If the latter, the surgery can wait.

Logos — the inherent order of the cosmos, the ground from which Dharma flows — does not exempt harm because those performing it love the one receiving it. The infant is owed the intact body they were born with, and the right to decide, in their own time and their own name, what covenant, if any, they choose to write upon it.

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*See also: [[Wheel of Health]], [[Big Pharma]], [[Vaccination]], [[Sovereign Health|Sovereign Health]]*

[[Recommended materials#XV — Bodily Sovereignty & Circumcision|Recommended reading →]]
