---
domain: harmonism
tags: [harmonism, dialogue, cypherpunks, cryptography, sovereignty, bitcoin, privacy, mathematical-anarchism]
content_layer: bridge
doctrinal_status: clear
breadth: substantial
depth: developed
craft: clean
published: "2026-05-17"
---
# Cypherpunks and Harmonism

*Dialogue article in the [[Harmonism]] cascade. Engages the cypherpunk philosophical and operational tradition. See also: [[Open Source and Harmonism]] (the free-software sibling), [[The Sovereign Substrate]], [[The Empirical Face of Logos]], [[The Sovereign Refusal]], [[The Sovereign Stack]], [[Liberalism and Harmonism]].*

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Among the intellectual traditions of the late twentieth century, the cypherpunk movement stands out as the one that produced *operational infrastructure* rather than only theory. Most political philosophy of the period argued about what the world should look like. The cypherpunks built the parts of the world they argued for. Public-key cryptography in 1976, PGP in 1991, Tor in 2002, BitTorrent in 2001, Bitcoin in 2008, Signal in 2010 — every layer of contemporary privacy infrastructure descends from a small group of mathematicians, programmers, and ideologues who corresponded on a mailing list and pursued one premise: that cryptography sufficient to make the state's traditional enforcement tools unworkable should be released to ordinary people, and that doing so would shift the relationship between individuals and institutions in ways the state could not reverse.

They were correct. The shift happened. The state's monopoly on secrets ended within a generation of the underlying mathematics becoming public, and the operational infrastructure they built now runs more of the world's privacy substrate than any government program. This is not a movement Harmonism reads from above as one tradition among many; it is a tradition Harmonism stands in convergence with on the question of *substrate sovereignty*. The convergence is real, the engagement is serious, and what follows holds both the depth of the agreement and the missing centre Harmonism completes the cypherpunk vision with.

## The Movement and Its Texts

The cypherpunk tradition has a recognisable genealogy. [Whitfield Diffie](https://grokipedia.com/page/Whitfield_Diffie) and [Martin Hellman](https://grokipedia.com/page/Martin_Hellman) published *New Directions in Cryptography* in 1976 — the paper that established public-key cryptography and made private correspondence possible between strangers without prior key exchange. The mathematics was the seed. [David Chaum](https://grokipedia.com/page/David_Chaum) extended the toolkit through the 1980s with blind signatures, mix networks, and the first digital cash design (DigiCash, 1989). [Phil Zimmermann](https://grokipedia.com/page/Phil_Zimmermann) released PGP in 1991, putting strong cryptography into the hands of any user with a personal computer and triggering the first major confrontation between civilian cryptographers and the U.S. government (the export-control prosecution, dropped after Zimmermann published the source code as a printed book — books could not be classified as munitions).

[Timothy May](https://grokipedia.com/page/Timothy_C._May) wrote the *Crypto Anarchist Manifesto* in 1988 and circulated it at the Crypto '88 conference. Eric Hughes wrote *A Cypherpunk's Manifesto* in 1993. The Cypherpunks mailing list, founded by Hughes, May, and [John Gilmore](https://grokipedia.com/page/John_Gilmore_(activist)) in 1992, became the central forum for two decades of intellectual and operational development — the place where the conversations that produced Tor, Bitcoin, and most of contemporary privacy infrastructure happened in real time. Adam Back contributed Hashcash (1997). Wei Dai proposed b-money (1998). Nick Szabo proposed bit gold (1998) and named *smart contracts*. [John Perry Barlow](https://grokipedia.com/page/John_Perry_Barlow) wrote *A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace* (1996), the political articulation of what the cypherpunks were building.

The tradition reached operational completion through a pseudonymous author or small group writing under the name [Satoshi Nakamoto](https://grokipedia.com/page/Satoshi_Nakamoto), who released *Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System* in October 2008 and launched the Bitcoin network in January 2009. The whitepaper synthesised the prior decade's monetary thought experiments (DigiCash, Hashcash, b-money, bit gold) into a working system. [Hal Finney](https://grokipedia.com/page/Hal_Finney_(computer_scientist)) received the first transaction. The cypherpunks' longest-running bet — sovereign electronic cash without a central issuer — finally cleared.

What is striking about this lineage, read forward from the 1976 paper to Nakamoto's network, is the structural continuity. The same intellectual commitments — mathematical sovereignty, refusal of state monopoly on cryptography, privacy as a constitutive feature of any free society, voluntary association under cryptographically enforced rules rather than statutory permission — recur across every figure and every text. The tradition is coherent in a way most twentieth-century intellectual movements are not. The disagreements among cypherpunks are tactical; the foundational claims are shared.

## The Foundational Insight

The cypherpunk movement is best understood as the discovery that *mathematics has political consequences the political class cannot overrule*. The discovery is older than the cypherpunks — it traces to the Bletchley Park cryptanalysts who broke Enigma during the Second World War and saw, perhaps for the first time at civilizational scale, that the side with the better mathematics won wars. But Bletchley operated under state monopoly; the cryptography belonged to the empire. What changed in 1976 with Diffie-Hellman was that strong cryptography became *publishable* — and once published, it became available to anyone who could read the paper.

Tim May articulated the political consequence cleanly in 1988: *"Computer technology is on the verge of providing the ability for individuals and groups to communicate and interact with each other in a totally anonymous manner. Two persons may exchange messages, conduct business, and negotiate electronic contracts without ever knowing the True Name, or legal identity, of the other... These developments will alter completely the nature of government regulation, the ability to tax and control economic interactions, the ability to keep information secret, and will even alter the nature of trust and reputation."*

Eric Hughes compressed it further in 1993: *"Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age. We cannot expect governments, corporations, or other large, faceless organizations to grant us privacy out of their beneficence. We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. Cypherpunks write code."* The closing imperative — *cypherpunks write code* — is the operational signature of the entire tradition. The movement did not lobby for privacy regulations; it built tools that made the regulations irrelevant.

The architecture beneath the manifestos has three constitutive elements. *Cryptography* provides the mathematical substrate — encryption sufficient that no third party can read the message, signatures sufficient that no third party can forge them, hashes sufficient that no third party can alter what has been committed. *Open protocols* provide the network substrate — communication infrastructure where any participant can join, any participant can publish, no central authority gatekeeps access. *Permissionless exchange* provides the economic substrate — value moves between participants without an intermediary's consent.

The combination — strong cryptography running over open protocols enabling permissionless exchange — produces what May called *crypto-anarchy*: a domain in which individuals interact according to rules cryptographically enforced by mathematics rather than legally enforced by states. The vision was specific. Mathematics replaces enforcement; voluntary association replaces compulsion; sovereignty becomes substrate-level rather than concession from authority. The architecture was not metaphorical; it was buildable, and it was built.

## Reading the Crypto Anarchist Manifesto

May's manifesto is brief — under five hundred words — and its argument has held up across thirty-eight years with remarkable structural integrity. Six moves compose the argument, and each warrants engagement at the level its precision deserves.

*First move*: technology has made anonymous interaction practical at scale. The premise is empirical. Public-key cryptography, mix networks, anonymous remailers (which May discusses by name), digital cash protocols, and the rest of the cypherpunk toolkit make it operationally possible for two parties to interact — communicate, transact, contract — without either knowing the other's legal identity. May was writing this in 1988, before most of the infrastructure existed in deployable form. He was projecting from the mathematics. The projection was correct.

*Second move*: the state's traditional regulatory tools depend on the visibility of these interactions. Tax depends on the state being able to see income. Censorship depends on being able to identify speakers. Securities regulation depends on knowing who is buying and selling what. Anti-trust depends on visibility into business relationships. Each of these mechanisms presupposes that the state is the third party with privileged access to the transactions in its jurisdiction. The cryptographic substrate removes that privileged access. The regulatory tools degrade in proportion.

*Third move*: the change is asymmetric in favour of the participants and against the state. The participants in an encrypted interaction can see what they choose to see. The state can see nothing that the participants have not chosen to reveal. The asymmetry is not policy; it is mathematics. Even arbitrarily large computational resources brought against well-chosen modern cryptography produce no practical advantage in reading what the participants have sealed.

*Fourth move*: the state will resist this. May predicts what subsequent history has confirmed: governments will attempt to mandate backdoors, ban strong encryption for civilian use, criminalise cryptographic tools, classify cryptographic publications as munitions, prosecute cryptographers, surveil broadly, and otherwise attempt to delay or reverse the trajectory. The state has done all of these things across the decades since. None has materially changed the underlying mathematics.

*Fifth move*: the resistance will fail because the mathematics is bedrock. May is precise on this point in a way most political prediction is not. The state's mechanisms operate on enforcement; cryptography operates on physics and information theory. The enforcement can be applied to specific individuals (Zimmermann was investigated; Ross Ulbricht is imprisoned; Edward Snowden is in exile), but the mathematics itself cannot be enforced against. The state can fine the cryptographer; it cannot fine the cipher. The cipher continues to function whether or not the cryptographer is free.

*Sixth move*: the new equilibrium will be qualitatively different from the old. May projects a world in which markets, contracts, communication, and association reorganise around the new substrate. The reorganisation is not utopian — May is explicit that the new regime will have its own pathologies, including markets for illegal goods, the inability of states to enforce social contracts they previously relied on, and the loss of regulatory tools that did real work in the old regime. The argument is not that the new world is unambiguously better; it is that the new world is the *operational consequence* of the mathematics, and therefore not negotiable.

The argument is structurally precise. The five-hundred words are dense. The thirty-eight years since publication have validated the empirical claims in detail. The infrastructure May described as theoretically possible exists and is in daily use by hundreds of millions of people. The state's regulatory degradation has occurred along every axis he named. The new equilibrium he projected is the equilibrium we now live inside, partially and unevenly but clearly enough that the trajectory is no longer contested by anyone paying attention.

What the manifesto does not address — and this is the entry point for Harmonism's engagement — is what the new equilibrium is *for*.

## The Convergence with Harmonist Doctrine

Before naming the missing centre, the depth of the convergence must be honoured. Harmonism stands with the cypherpunks on every load-bearing claim the tradition makes.

On *substrate sovereignty*: [[The Sovereign Substrate]] articulates the Harmonist doctrine that the human being's substrate — body, attention, key, currency, tool, network, voluntary bond — is the practitioner's own by [[Glossary of Terms#Logos|Logos]]-rendered ontology, not by institutional concession. The cypherpunks reached the same recognition at the cryptographic register: the substrate that mathematics protects is the practitioner's own by the structure of the mathematics, not by the leave of any state. The two articulations are the same recognition at different scales — Harmonism at the ontological scale, the cypherpunks at the operational scale.

On *mathematics as bedrock*: [[The Empirical Face of Logos]] articulates the Harmonist doctrine that mathematics is one face of Logos — the face on which the inherent order of the Cosmos becomes legible to the rational mind through demonstration, available for verification, ontologically prior to any institution that might claim authority over it. The cypherpunks discovered the political consequence of this without articulating it in ontological terms. *The math is bedrock* — the line that runs through every cypherpunk text from May to Nakamoto — is Logos asserting itself at the register where the rational mind can verify it directly. The cypherpunks built on bedrock without naming what the bedrock is.

On *enclosure as the operation to be refused*: [[The Sovereign Substrate]] articulates the diagnostic register Harmonism brings to modernity's dual enclosure of pattern and key. The cypherpunks identified the same operation in real time, named it correctly (state monopoly on cryptography, regulatory capture of communication, mandated backdoors as institutional claim on the practitioner's interior), and built the infrastructure that refuses it. Where Harmonism diagnoses, the cypherpunks built. The diagnosis and the build are complementary; both are dharmic.

On *voluntary association*: [[Voluntary Association and the Self-Liquidating Bond]] articulates the Harmonist doctrine of the third bond — voluntary, time-bound, equal-share, purpose-completing. The cypherpunks built the cryptographic substrate that makes voluntary association practical at scale among strangers who never meet. Smart contracts, multisignature schemes, decentralised exchanges, federated identity — each is the operational expression of voluntary bond at the digital register. The form is the same; the cypherpunks made it executable.

On *sound money*: [[The Sovereign Substrate]] articulates the Harmonist doctrine of the monetary substrate as Logos-aligned exchange measure. Bitcoin is the cypherpunk realisation of exactly this doctrine, decades before Harmonism named it. The doctrinal articulation and the operational implementation converge cleanly. *Sound money* and *cypherpunk monetary architecture* are the same commitment named in different registers.

The convergence is not partial or strategic. It is structural and substantive. On every load-bearing claim the cypherpunks make, Harmonism agrees — and Harmonism adds the ontological grounding the cypherpunks did not articulate. The substrate is sovereign by Logos, the mathematics is bedrock because mathematics is a face of Logos, the enclosure is violation of Ṛta, the voluntary association is dharmic form, the sound money is exchange under Logos-aligned constraint. The doctrinal completion is exactly that: completion. Not correction.

## The Missing Centre

What the cypherpunk vision does not articulate is what the sovereign substrate is *for*. The architecture is post-state in form but not post-meaning in substance. The practitioner who lives inside the cypherpunk equilibrium — sovereign keys, private correspondence, permissionless exchange, voluntary association — has full operational sovereignty over the layers the cypherpunks named. They have *no answer* from the tradition itself to the deeper question of what they should do with this sovereignty. May's manifesto sketches the new equilibrium but does not articulate what the new equilibrium is *aimed at*. Hughes's manifesto names cryptography as protection but does not say what the protected interior is *cultivating*. Zimmermann's PGP defends the private letter without articulating what the letter is *expressing*. Nakamoto's network establishes the new monetary substrate without articulating what the wealth measured on it is *for*.

This is not a flaw in the tradition; it is a *scope*. The cypherpunks built the substrate. The substrate by itself does not contain meaning. Meaning has to come from elsewhere.

Harmonism supplies what the substrate is for. The doctrine articulates that the practitioner is [[Glossary of Terms#Logos|Logos]] manifesting at the human scale, that the path is [[Glossary of Terms#Dharma|Dharma]] — alignment with cosmic order through right action — and that the cultivation runs through the Wheel of Harmony in eight integrated registers (Presence, Health, Matter, Service, Relationships, Learning, Nature, Recreation). The sovereign substrate the cypherpunks built is *the substrate this cultivation requires*. Without the substrate, the cultivation is permanently mediated by institutional intermediaries who do not serve the practitioner's interior development. With the substrate, the cultivation can finally be the practitioner's own.

The missing centre is concrete and load-bearing. Consider a practitioner walking the Wheel of Presence — cultivating meditation, breath, sound and silence, intention, reflection, virtue, entheogenic encounter. The interior work is the work. But the interior work requires conditions: time and space free from surveillance pressure, conversations with teachers and peers that no third party reads, financial autonomy that does not depend on continuously demonstrating compliance to institutional gatekeepers. The cypherpunk substrate provides exactly these conditions. Without the substrate, the interior work is constantly negotiating with mediators whose interests are not aligned with the practitioner's flourishing. With the substrate, the interior work has the ground it requires to deepen without external pressure.

Consider [[Wheel of Health|Health]]. The practitioner who pursues root-cause cultivation across the Wheel of Health rather than the institutional medical regime depends on access to information the regime suppresses, conversations with practitioners the regime certifies against, supplements and protocols the regime regulates, monetary exchange the regime increasingly surveils. The cypherpunk substrate makes all of this practically available. The Harmonist Health doctrine articulates *why* it matters; the cypherpunk substrate makes it *operational*.

Consider [[Wheel of Service|Service]] in the form of teaching or healing. The practitioner whose offering does not align with institutional consensus — a contemplative teacher, an integrative health practitioner, a researcher pursuing terrain theory or any other heterodox position — faces continuous platform risk, payment-processor risk, regulatory risk in the institutional substrate. The cypherpunk substrate (BTCPay, peer-to-peer payment, federated communication, end-to-end encrypted teaching) makes the offering operationally sustainable.

The relationship is clear. Cypherpunk substrate without Harmonist cultivation produces what the tradition's critics rightly worry about — sovereignty over the conditions of life used for shallow ends, freedom without orientation, infrastructure without telos. Harmonist cultivation without cypherpunk substrate produces what the institutional regime is increasingly engineering — interior work permanently mediated by institutions whose interests do not align with the cultivation, conversation gated by platforms, exchange routed through approved channels, autonomy continuously eroded by accreted permission requirements. The two need each other. The substrate is for the cultivation; the cultivation requires the substrate.

This is what Harmonism completes in the cypherpunk vision. Not correction — completion. The substrate the cypherpunks built is the substrate this work requires. The work the cypherpunks did not articulate is the work this substrate is for.

## The Practitioner Relationship to Cypherpunk Infrastructure

Concretely, the Harmonist practitioner stands in continuing relationship with cypherpunk-descended infrastructure across every domain of practice. The operational survey — the twelve-layer architecture, the five-criteria doctrinal test applied project by project, the specific tools at each register and the disciplines that operationalise the relationship — is the work of [[The Sovereign Stack]]. Here the relationship is named at the philosophical register: this infrastructure is *substrate* for the Harmonist cultivation, and the practitioner's relationship to it is reverent rather than transactional. The register-mapping that follows is doctrinal; the project-by-project specifics belong to the survey.

The monetary substrate (treated at depth in [[The Sovereign Substrate]] — Bitcoin for the institutional and household register, Monero for the privacy-bearing register) is cultivated under the Finance pillar of the Architecture and the Finance & Wealth spoke of the Wheel of Matter. The cypherpunks built this; Harmonism articulates the doctrine the practitioner walks on while using it. The communication substrate — end-to-end encrypted messaging, federated chat, PGP correspondence — is cultivated under the Relationships pillar, where the practitioner's interior conversation stays between the practitioner and their interlocutor without third-party mediation. The cypherpunks built this; Harmonism articulates why the interlocutor's privacy matters as much as the practitioner's own. The public-square substrate — federated social via ActivityPub, the Nostr relay-based protocol layer — is cultivated under Service and Communication, where the practitioner's public voice does not require a corporate platform's continuing permission. The cypherpunks built this; Harmonism articulates the offering's relationship to right action. The informational substrate — self-hosted services on hardware the practitioner owns, with library and photographs and notes and calendar and passwords staying where the practitioner can keep them — is cultivated under the Matter pillar, where ownership of the substrate is ontologically continuous with ownership of the practitioner's interior. The cypherpunks built much of this; Harmonism articulates the continuity. The inference substrate — local model deployment, [[MunAI]] on the practitioner's own hardware against the practitioner's own corpus, per [[Running MunAI on Your Own Substrate]] — is the most recent extension of the same tradition: the cypherpunk impulse to refuse third-party mediation reaches the inference layer, and Harmonism articulates the doctrinal commitment that completes the move.

The practitioner does not relate to this infrastructure as a consumer relates to products. The relationship is closer to what the medieval craftsman had with their tools — recognition that the tool is part of the work, that the work cannot be done without it, that maintaining the tool is part of practicing the work. The cypherpunk substrate is *part of Harmonist practice* at the digital register, not an instrument used by it.

## What Harmonism Contributes to the Tradition

The relationship is genuinely two-way. Harmonism contributes to the cypherpunk tradition something the tradition itself has shown signs of needing.

*Meaning that does not collapse into market function.* The dominant strain of cypherpunk thought, by its own admission, has trouble articulating what the sovereign substrate is for beyond *individuals choosing what to do with it*. This produces the recognisable cypherpunk failure mode where the substrate is used for sovereignty over trivial or self-destructive ends — sophisticated infrastructure deployed against deeper development. Harmonism articulates a telos that does not require state authority and does not collapse into market preference: the cultivation of the human being toward fuller alignment with Logos through the Wheel of Harmony. The telos is internal to the practitioner; the cypherpunk substrate provides the conditions under which the cultivation is operationally possible.

*A relational architecture beyond pure individual sovereignty.* The cypherpunk tradition tends toward strong individualism. Hughes's manifesto, May's manifesto, Barlow's declaration all foreground the sovereign individual interacting with other sovereign individuals through cryptographically secured channels. This is correct as far as it goes but incomplete. Human flourishing requires the perpetual bond (family), the continuous bond (community, friendship), and the self-liquidating bond (project crews, working circles) — not only the transactional bond between sovereign individuals. Harmonism's [[Doctrine of Relationships]] and [[Voluntary Association and the Self-Liquidating Bond]] articulate the full relational architecture; the cypherpunk substrate provides the cryptographic conditions under which all three forms can operate without institutional capture.

*Cosmological grounding for the mathematical bedrock.* The cypherpunks discovered that mathematics has political consequences the political class cannot overrule. They did not articulate *why* mathematics has this property. Harmonism's [[The Empirical Face of Logos]] articulates the cosmological ground: mathematics is bedrock because mathematics is one face of [[Glossary of Terms#Logos|Logos]] — the inherent harmonic intelligence of the Cosmos, expressed at the register where the rational mind can verify it. The political consequence the cypherpunks observed is the operational expression of the cosmological order Harmonism articulates. Naming the ground does not change the operational consequence, but it integrates the cypherpunk insight into a fuller account of reality that the tradition itself has not produced.

*An applied doctrine of cultivation that uses the substrate well.* The Wheel of Harmony is the Harmonist articulation of how a human being takes up the sovereignty the substrate makes available. The cypherpunks built the substrate; Harmonism teaches the cultivation. The two are complementary in the strict sense — neither can substitute for the other, and either alone is incomplete. A cypherpunk who has not encountered the Wheel has the substrate without the cultivation; a Harmonist who has not encountered cypherpunk infrastructure has the cultivation perpetually mediated by institutions hostile to it. The full picture is both.

## The Compact of the Two Traditions

The cypherpunk tradition and Harmonism are not the same tradition. They have different founders, different texts, different operational lineages, different metaphysical commitments (the cypherpunks are largely silent on metaphysics; Harmonism is explicitly grounded in Harmonic Realism and the chakra ontology). But they converge on the load-bearing claims that determine how a sovereign practitioner relates to institutional power in the present age. The convergence is sufficient to call the relationship a *compact* — two traditions standing in mutual recognition that the other has produced something the practitioner needs.

What this means practically: the Harmonist practitioner reads May, Hughes, Zimmermann, Barlow, and Nakamoto as serious thinkers whose work is genuinely substrate for the cultivation, not as one set of opinions among many. The cypherpunk thinker who encounters Harmonism finds an articulation of *what the substrate they built is for* — and finds it articulated in registers (cosmological, relational, cultivational) the cypherpunk tradition by itself does not produce.

The compact does not require either tradition to abandon its distinct identity. Harmonism remains a philosophical and contemplative tradition with its own ontology, epistemology, and applied path. The cypherpunk tradition remains a technical and political movement with its own canonical figures and operational lineage. What the compact recognises is that the two are working on adjacent fronts of the same larger commitment — the commitment to *sovereign human flourishing* under conditions where institutional power has organised itself against exactly that.

In this present moment, where the institutional regime intensifies its claims on the practitioner's substrate (alignment-tightening at frontier labs, surveillance regulation, monetary debasement, platform consolidation, regulatory capture across every domain of cultivation), the compact is not optional. The two traditions need each other to do the work that neither can do alone. Harmonism without cypherpunk substrate is contemplative practice permanently mediated by hostile institutions. Cypherpunk substrate without Harmonist cultivation is sovereign infrastructure used for ends that do not justify the substrate's existence.

The compact is the integration. The practitioner who walks both traditions — Harmonist cultivation through the Wheel, cypherpunk substrate through the operational tools — is the practitioner the present moment most needs. The substrate makes the cultivation possible at scale; the cultivation makes the substrate worth having. The two together approximate what a Harmonic civilization will look like at the individual register: sovereignty under Logos, cultivated through Dharma, on substrate the practitioner owns.

## Closing — The Substrate and the Practice

The cypherpunks were correct about almost everything they claimed. The mathematics is bedrock; the state cannot overrule it; the substrate is the practitioner's own; the equilibrium has shifted and will continue to shift; the institutional regime's regulatory tools degrade in proportion to the cryptographic substrate's deployment. Thirty-eight years after May's manifesto, the empirical record confirms the projection.

What the tradition did not articulate, and what Harmonism articulates as its contribution to the conversation, is the *telos* the sovereign substrate enables. The substrate is for cultivation. The cultivation is the Wheel. The Wheel runs on the substrate. The two are inseparable in the present age, and the practitioner who recognises both at once is the practitioner this age was structured to produce.

The cypherpunks wrote code. Harmonism writes doctrine. The code runs on the doctrine's metaphysics; the doctrine deploys on the code's substrate. The compact is the integration. The integration is the work.

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*See also: [[Open Source and Harmonism]], [[The Sovereign Substrate]], [[The Empirical Face of Logos]], [[The Sovereign Refusal]], [[Voluntary Association and the Self-Liquidating Bond]], [[The Sovereign Stack]], [[Running MunAI on Your Own Substrate]], [[Liberalism and Harmonism]].*
